The Libyan Center for Freedom of the Press developed a research methodology based on the quantitative and qualitative monitoring of Libyan digital media monitoring based on global professional standards and ethical practices in media institutions.

The monitoring process is based on counting the number of occurrences of hate speech and armed conflict in addition to the number of professional breaches related to false or misleading news, the monitors fill a digital database that consists of several variables to become a one that contains numbers and statistics that helps to calculate and measure the percentage of violations and their nature

During the monitoring process, 14 boxes are filled in that includes many categories starting with the name of the monitored media organization, and they are 20 media institutions, press forms, producer or source of the breach and its name, in addition to classifications of hate speech and armed conflict, and the categories of false news and the target and its gender, and the sentences that include Professional breaches and links to them.

The American definition is one of the first definitions, issued in 1993 AD within the “wire and non-wired communications and information management” law issued by the US Congress, it defined hate speech as “speech that calls for violence or hate crimes, and speech that creates a climate of hate and prejudices That could turn into encouraging terrorist crimes

In most democracies, hate speech is not considered a form of freedom of expression protected by the laws, nor does it take a specific form of a straightforward direct speech. It may be by an act, suggestion, writing, or even reference, but it is necessary to make a careful distinction between the forms of expression that must constitute an offense under criminal law, expressions that are not criminally punishable but may justify the refusal of a civil invitation, and expressions that do not require sanctions, but may raise concerns regarding tolerance, courtesy and respect such as racism in sport

The most widely used concept of hatred is what “Article 19” has developed with many media and law experts within what is known as “Camden Principles”, which is “a state of mind characterized by sharp and irrational emotions of hostility, resentment, and contempt toward the group or person incited against it”, In this context, the following necessary determinations are presented:

The word hate or hostility refers to strong and irrational feelings of contempt, hostility, and hatred toward the target group.

The word “invitation” indicates an intention to publicly promote hatred of the target group

The act of incitement refers to national, racial, or religious groups that lead to an imminent danger of discrimination, hostility, or violence against people belonging to those groups.

The positive promotion of a specific group identity does not constitute hate speech.

Countries should prevent denial or condone genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes only when these statements constitute hate speech.

Countries should not prevent criticism or discussion of ideas, beliefs, ideologies, religions, or religious institutions except when this constitutes hate speech.

States must ensure that people who have suffered real harm as a result of hate speech have the right to an effective remedy, including civil compensation for the damage.

Countries should reconsider their legal framework to ensure control regarding hate speech that respect freedom of expression

International and regional standards for freedom of expression and the prohibition of incitement speeches

Article 20 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights prohibits hate speech, using Laws prohibiting any propaganda of war or call for national, racial or religious hatred that constitutes incitement to discrimination, hostility or violence

Article 4 of the International Convention also clearly banes all forms of racial discrimination and hate speech, Article 5 considers every publication based on racial superiority or racial hatred, every incitement to racial discrimination, every act of violence or incitement to such acts against Any race or any group of any colour or ethnicity, as well as all forms of assistance to racist activities, including financing them, all considered a crime punishable by law.

As well as Article (29) of the Libyan political agreement signed in Moroccan Skhirat on December 2015 stipulated the commitment of all parties not to undertake nor participate in any media campaign aimed at inciting or promoting any form of violence hatred, or The threat to civil peace and national unity for any reason

Occupational breaches related to hate speech and armed conflict are categorized according to the following :

Incitement is: Directly or indirectly advocating the public to take any action against individuals or groups, using any advertising methods, provided that the speech is directed against specific individuals or groups, even indirectly using metaphors, and the incitement that results from hate speech is divided into many forms.

1. Calling for violence or killing: The World Health Organization has defined violence as “the deliberate use of physical force or abuse of authority on a person or group in a manner that leads to injury, death, or psychological or physical harm”, which is most dangerous by advocating deliberately and calling on the public to adopt violent behavior To commit the crime.
   Any direct or indirect call to the public to engage in violence against individuals or groups based on one of the aforementioned racial discrimination grounds is incitement to violence and is prohibited by law, and it must be criminalized if this incitement leads to violence.
2. Incitement, insult, and Slander: Hostility was defined as “every action based on an extreme mental state of hatred and loathing towards specific individuals or groups addressing them with insult and slander, or intervening into their personal lives insulting their history or reputation, all of which are ugly words, meaning any images Or words, phrases, or drawings that bear offense, incitement, or verbal abuse that offend the dignity of others.
3. Contempt and offensive to human dignity: here is meant direct insult to the human being, and describing it as adjectives that violate their dignity and contempt them, and any attributes that may affect their dignity such as calling them animals, barbarians, or others.
4. Violation of personal life and stigma: It is the release of any label and affixing them to people in an undesirable manner for the individual, which affects him socially and psychologically, as well as intervening to his personal and discussing his life, human or social relationship and all that is considered a violation of people’s personal lives.
5. Discrimination based on color, gender, or religion: It is every invitation addressed to the public by one of the methods of advertisement, and any act that weakens or prevents individuals or groups on an equal basis with other people from human rights and fundamental freedoms, whether in the political or economic sphere or Social, cultural or any other area of public life.
6. Publishing photos and videos of the dead and their families: It is the process of publishing or broadcasting any visual content that raises compassion for the victims of war or footage of their families in a manner that does not respect their humanity or dignity for a political or military goal and not to view facts.
7. Publishing photos or videos of the prisoners and war victims: it is frequently repeated in the context of the Libyan media, where pictures or videos of the prisoners are being published suspiciously without going through fair trials, to antagonize and barter them, and it must be remembered that forcing prisoners to talk to a camera is a violation of international Humanitarian law and Libyan penal law.
8. Inaccuracy and objectivity in covering ongoing armed conflict: Inaccuracy is the publication of unconfirmed news that carries interpretations and exaggerations with a misrepresentation of facts and news in which not all subjects and all involved parties are addressed with the sole focus on one point of view. As for objectivity, it is defined academically as mixing emotional and personal judgments. In reporting events and news, which means bias to one party at the expense of the other while neglecting contexts and without assigning information and data to reliable sources.

misleading of fake news as well as the classification of professional breaches are categorized as the following :

Detecting fake news is considered very easy by following simple steps to detect counterfeiting in the new media age, but we have to define the types of false and false news as follows:

Confusion between opinion and news: It is the easiest to identify, its created by mentioning an event and giving more space to guide the reader with opinions that have no relation to the news in any connection.

Accusations without evidence: They are direct charges against people or groups to raise public opinion with them without any legal basis, and they are widely spread in the Libyan media.

Misleading or biased news: This is a more difficult breach to identify than its predecessor, in most cases, it contains part of the truth, such as a certain fact or event or even a quote, but all are taken from a specific context, and without this context, its meaning is completely different, or biased, it explains facts or real news, However, it is biased and affiliated with a specific agenda.

Provoking and false titles: They are provoking or odd titles that push you to click on them to get more information, which may be real or false, and most of them are used to mislead the reader.

Spreading rumors: It is an attempt to influence or discredit others by spreading false information that is not related to the truth, aims to pressure others, or cause harm to their psyche.

Fabrication of images or videos: It is a method that has been used more and illustrates the case of deep counterfeiting through Photoshop or scanning of videos and showing and to mislead the audience.